【中文摘要】英国著名学者,中国科学院首批外籍院士之一的李约瑟博士在研究中国科学技术发展史的过程中,提出了这样一个问题:就是在公元前二世纪至公元十五世纪,中国在自然科学及运用方面,远胜于西欧,但是近代科学为什么不是从处于世界领先地位的中国古代文明中演绎出来,而是在文明程度相对落后的十五世纪的欧洲诞生呢?这就是学术界所说的“李约瑟难题”。关于这一问题,国内外许多学者相继都已作出了大量的探索。在新世纪之初,重新探究这一历史性的传奇问题,寻求科学发展的条件和规律,对于弘扬中国传统的科学精神,提高中华民族的科学文化素质,促使我国重新回到世界科技的前沿,具有深远的理论意义和现实意义。本文就是遵循这一根本宗旨,较详尽地从“李约瑟难题”的由来入手,分别从社会原因、经济原因、思维方式、文化语境、哲学视角等不同层面对“李约瑟难题”进行了综合性地经典理论解答,又从自然科学角度对“李约瑟难题”给予了相关理论分析。同时还对“李约瑟难题”质疑说进行了分析和评述。最终找出近代中国社会发展停滞落后的真正原因,使我们更加现实地面对社会,进而不断继承李约瑟先生的工作,发展他的研究成果,不拘泥于现状,要放眼未来。因此,全文论述的中心思想就是:通过对“李约瑟难题”的详尽分析和研究。从中触发一系列的理论思考和启示,更好地服务于社会,真正做到取之有道,用之有方。我们深信,随着中国改革步伐的日益推进,对“李约瑟难题”的研究和探讨还会继续,而且会永不停息,为此,我们拭目以待……中国的明天会更美好!世界的未来也会更加绚丽多彩!');
【Abstract】JosephNeedham,FellowoftheRoyalSociety(FRS)、FellowoftheBritishAcademy(FBA)、famousbio-chemist,masterofChinesesciencehistory,actsasaclosefriendofChinese.IntheprocessofhisstudyonChinesehistoryofscientifictechnology,suchaquestionisraised:from2centuryB.Cto15centuryA.D,naturalscienceanditsapplication,wasbyfarsuperiortoWestEurope.However,whydidnotmodernsciencesproutoutofancientChineseCivilization,butoriginfromEuropeofthe15thcentury?Thisisthequestion“NeedhamQuestion”notedbyacademiccircles.Aboutthisquestion,plentifulinternalandexternalscholarsmakeagreatdealoffavoringexploration.Atthebeginningofthisnewcentury,scholarsstudyandrethinkthisquestionaboutconditionsandprinciplesofsciencedevelopment,aimingatspreadingscientificspiritofChinesetraditions,enhancingnation’sscientificculturequality,propellingournationuptosciencefrontiersoftheworld,withintensivelytheoreticandrealisticmeaning.Plentifulhistoricalstatesandclassicinstancesareutilized,abidedbyprinciplesofscienceprogress,whichcomesfromthevarietyofviewsanddifferentiatedfacets,withanalysisandexplorationoftheory.Because“NeedhamQuestion”concernsaboutsuchmanyfactorsaspolitics,culture,societyandeconomyetc,duringdozensofcenturies,Tosuchacomplexquestion,itisrarepossibletomakeasystematicalinterpretationinawholeandonlysketchyexplorationfromtheorycouldbepresentedfromsomeelementaryfacets.Thearticleconsistsof4mainpartsasfollowsPartoneisabriefintroductionof“NeedhamQuestion”aboutitsorigin,connotationandresearchtrend.ParttwoandPartthreearethekeybodyofthearticle.Parttwoisclassicallytheoreticinterpretationofthereplyisindetailpresentedfromsuchfacetsassocietyfactors,economicfactors,thoughts,culturalenvironmentandviewsofphilosophy.Partthreeiscriticalanalysisofrelevanttheories,whichisdevelopeduponsciencetheoryandrethinkingofskepticismPartfourisepilogueofthisarticle,asasummaryofstuffs.Fromthestart,basedondeepstudy,theoreticallydeepexplorationunveilspracticalmeaningof“NeedhamQuestion”andgeneratesenlightenmentbytheoreticanalysis.ItisthecoreofthisarticletoexposetheessentialreasonwhyChinesesocietygrowsstagnantandbackward.Refiningessencefromtheoryandexperience,wepursueawayfornation’sreinforcementdependingupontechnologicalinnovation.Throughtotallysystematicstudyon“NeedhamQuestion”inthisarticle,weturnmorerealistictofacingsociety.WithresearchofChina’straditionalscienceandcivilization,weincessantlyworkonfollowingDr.Needhamandimprovehisachievements.So,wemustn’tbeconfinedtothepresentsituation,butguideeyesightforwards.Provideditistakenforgrantedthatnegativeeffectof“NeedhamQuestion”becomessignificantinrealityforspurringChineseawake,studyonpositiveeffectof“NeedhamQuestion”becomesintensivelyandtimes-crossingmeaningful,especiallyinmoderntimeswhenChineseendeavorstomakegreatrenaissancecometrue.So,thisarticleusesavastamountofwords,toreply“NeedhamQuestion”onrelevanttheoriesineachangle.Theaimisnotatresearchoflogical,butatthoughtandenlightenment.Inretrospectofthedevelopmentprocessofhuman’shistory,anycivilizationeverprosperedorrecededatlast,also.East-AsianContinentalCivilizationwastransformedfromtheprimitivetypeintothespecialtypeandshranktotheedge.BlueOceanicCivilizationofWestdevelopedswiftlybeyondtheformerandreplacedit.Thatallhappenedaboutevolutioninturnisgeneralintheprocessofhistoricaldevelopment.Bycontrast,shortlyinfuture,vitalityofbluecivilizationwillregress,andboomnomore,replacedbythemorevitalhumancivilization.Thissortoneofallcivilizations,basedonhighlydevelopedproductionpoweranddissolutionofsocialconflict,isglobalgreenecologicalcivilizationonorganicunityfrombetweenyellowandbluecivilization.Forthegoalofouts,wemustbecomewaryenoughofunknownmattersofthefuturewithvariablethoughts;relyingonouradvantage,seizeupthe“top”oftheworldcivilization,endeavortorealizealong-termedblueprintandconstructharmonioussocietyofsustainabledevelopment.Wearerequestedboldlytoexterminateunreasonablefactorsofsocialdevelopment,totreatnewmatterswithacceptablepassions,toallowscienceandtechnologytodevelopwithoutintervention,andtobuilduptheplatformforrealizationofgreenecologicalcivilization.Itshouldbedonetoarousehuman’screativepowerandpaveupashiningroadofglobalgreencivilization.Therefore,werethinktheoreticallyandresearch“NeedhamQuestion”.Meanwhile,wenotmerelyexplorethereasonwhychina’smodernsciencelaggedbehind,butalsoexplorewhichoftraditionalscienceco-existswithmodernscience.What’smore,wecanstillassimilatethevaluablestuffsfromchina’smodernscienceandavoidtheerrorswhichoccurredintheprocessofmodernizationwhilechina’smodernizationisbeingrealized.Wetakelessonsfromhistoricalexperiencesandmakepracticalusefromancestor’stimesandoverseas.Manyinternalandexternalscholarsonebyoneactivelydevotethemselvestoworkon“NeedhamQuestion”andintendtofosterspecialsolutionstoexplainwhymodernsciencedidn’tcauseinchina,whattheydidseemssimilarasmathematiciansseekthesolutionof“Fermat’sLastTheorem.”Mostofthemrecognize“NeedhamQuestion”asphenomenalexplorationof“china’smodernsciencelaggedbehind”.Recognitionenhancesrealisticmeaningofthe“Question”,butitiseasytoneglectwhattoconnotesignificanceinchronology.Chinacreatedaperiodofsplendidtimes,
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