【中文摘要】本文以洋务运动为考察对象,从科学社会学的角度,运用拉卡托斯的科学研究纲领方法论和系统方法,比较深入地探讨了洋务运动时期科学技术各要素的增长情况及其对于中国社会的深刻影响,以图将中国近代科学技术在洋务运动时期的巨大进步和艰难发展历程真实地呈现出来,更客观、公正地评价洋务运动。文章分为五章。第一章介绍了洋务运动时期西方近代科学技术的引进情况。洋务派创办了军用、民用企业,引进了大量西方先进设备和技术。西方科技书籍大量翻译和出版,大量自然科学知识传到中国,对于中国科学技术的进步起到了巨大的促进作用。第二章介绍了中国近代科技教育的兴起情况。简单回顾了科技教育兴起的背景,洋务运动创办了我国第一批新型学校,并派遣留学生到国外学习,“中体西用”是其指导纲领,论述了近代科技教育对中国传统教育的突破和发展。第三章论述了科学家社会角色的孕育与产生。洋务运动时期孕育和产生了中国最早的科学家。介绍了洋务学堂里培养的人才,论述了留学生对中国近代科技进步作出的突出贡献。重点分析了近代科技专家的特点,他们具有了近代科学精神,这是他们和传统科学家不同的地方。');
【Abstract】ThisarticlefocusesontheresearchofChineseWesternizationMovementanddiscussesthescientificandtechnologicalgrowthaswellasitsprofoundimpactonChinesesocietyduringWesternizationMovementfromtheperspectiveofscientificsociology,applyingtheprinciplesandsystematictheoriesofscientificphilosophy.ItaimstoillustratethetremendousprogressanddifficultiesontheroadofChinesemoderntechnologicaldevelopment,andattemptstoassessWesternizationMovementinamoreobjectiveandimpartialway.Therearefivechaptersinthisarticle.ThefirstchapterintroduceshowthemodernwesterntechnologieswereimportedintoChinaduringWesternizationMovement.TheWesternizationSchoolestablishedmilitaryandcivilenterprises,andintroducedalargenumberofwesternadvancedfacilitiesandtechniquesintoChina.AhugesumofwesterntechnologicalbooksweretranslatedandpublishedinChina,bringingaboutabundantnaturalscienceknowledge,thussignificantlyfacilitatingthetechnologicaldevelopmentinChina.ThesecondchapterintroducestheriseofeducationonmodernscienceandtechnologyinChina.Thefirstgroupofnew-typeschoolsappearedduringWesternizationMovementandstudentsweredispatchedtostudyabroad.Chinese-stylewesternizationistheguidelineofWesternizationMovementanditreflectstheimpactofmoderntechnologicaleducationonthebreakthroughanddevelopmentofChinesetraditionaleducationThethirdchapterdiscussestheemergenceoftechnologicaltalentsinChinaandtheirgrowths.ItintroducessomefamouspersonsinthescientificfieldinChinawhowerecultivatedinnew-typeschoolsinWesternizationMovement,anddiscussestheprominentcontributionthestudentsstudyingabroadhavemadetothemoderntechnologicaladvanceinChina.ItalsoanalyzesthecharacteristicsofChinesemoderntechnologicalexpertswhoaredistinctfromothertraditionalscientistsbypossessingthemodernscientificspirit,beingknowledgeableaboutthemodernscienceandemphasizingthecultivationoftechnologicaltalents.Thefourthchapterresearchesthediffusionofthemodernwesternscientificideology.ItdiscussestheenlighteningeffectofWesternizationMovementonChinesemodernscience.TheintroductionanddiffusionofmodernwesternscientificideologiesinChina,suchasEvolutionTheory,MechanicsTheoryandEvolvementofCelestialBodies,haveagreatinfluenceonknowledgeablepeople,shapingtheirphilosophyoflifeandtheworldandenablingtraditionalsciencetodevelopintomodernscienceinChina.Furthermore,itdrawstheconclusionthatitisamisapprehensionthatWesternizationMovementissimplyregardedastheinstrumentalismphaseofmodernizationinChina.ThefinalchapterdescribesthedifficultcourseofWesternizationMovementandsystemizationofscientificresearchinChina.ChinesescientificsystemizationisbasedonWesternizationMovement.Theoriginalacademicinstitutionsappearedduringthattime,bringingaboutscientificcommunicationandestablishmentofscientificperiodicals.However,ItisimpossibleforWesternizationMovementtoevolveintoscientificsystemizationinChinaduetolackofscientificawarenessinthewholesocietyandgovernmentinvestmentandsupport.Tosumup,thisarticledrawstheconclusionthatthereasonwhyWesternizationMovementdidnotrealizethedreamofstrengtheningChinaisitfailedtoformChinesescientificsystemization,tomakesciencebecomeasubsystemofthesociety.Allthesereasonshavebeenneglectedbypreviousresearchers.
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