【中文摘要】 在国际反倾销法律体系内，损害和倾销是一对并行的、最基本的、最核心的两个概念。反倾销法针对的是倾销造成的损害而不是倾销本身。在实践中，各国反倾销法规定，请求对外国进口产品进行反倾销调查的申请人需列举倾销进口产品对国内产业造成损害的初步证据，否则主管机关将驳回申请。经初步调查，发现只存在倾销没有损害，主管机关将终止调查。相反，虽不存在倾销，但只要存在损害，调查就应继续进行。在终裁中，如果没有损害的肯定裁决，即使有倾销的肯定裁决，也不能采取反倾销措施。有些国家在确定采取措施前考虑公共利益原则另当别论。可见，作为采取反倾销行动的第二项先决条件的损害及其确定问题在反倾销法中具有重要意义。由于反倾销法上的“损害”概念具有相当的弹性，缺少统一的标准，尽管WTO《反倾销协议》确立了一系列损害认定的标准，如销售、利润、产量、市场份额等，但这些因素都受经济环境等各方面的影响，同时也容易被人为地操纵，缺乏客观性。到目前为止，与损害确定相关的许多重要问题还没有完全在立法中给予明确。本文主要从反倾销法中损害确定规则的概念、渊源谈起，对WTO《反倾销协议》损害确定规则进一步精确和细化，对世界各国有关反倾销损害确定...更多的立法和实践研究，及对我国在这方面的理论和实践上做法的探讨，以期能对我国今后反倾销损害确定的立法和实践有所启发和借鉴。全文共分为三个部分：第一部分主要从理论上论述反倾销法中损害确定的一般性规定。在这一部分中，由损害的概念，损害确定的含义，损害确定应遵循以肯定性证据为基础进行客观审查的原则论起，对损害确定的主要内容即倾销进口产品的数量、倾销进口产品对国内市场同类产品价格及国内产业的影响等各种因素进行概括性地介绍，并对损害确定在反倾销法中地位、作用和意义都有清晰的阐述。第二部分是核心部分，主要论述国际反倾销法中关于损害确定的立法和实践，以WTO、欧美国家的规定为例。在这一部分里，分别对WTO、欧盟和美国等国际上有代表性国家反倾销立法和实践中关于“国内产业”、“同类产品”、损害确定形式和标准及因果关系等因素进行论述。“国内产业”的确定在损害确定中有极其重要的意义，直接关系到损害裁决结果、反倾销措施的适用。“同类产品”也是反倾销法上一个重要法律概念，其范围的宽窄直接关系到“国内产业”的确定。因此，正确、严格地界定同类产品的范围，明确同类产品的认定标准是必要的。在做好以上两项调查之后，调查机关的主要任务就是评估国内产业受到倾销进口产品的损害。根据WTO《反倾销协议》和各国的反倾销法，均认为国内产业的损害形式基本有三种，即实质性损害、实质性损害威胁、对相关产业建立的实质性阻碍。关于累积评估问题，WTO细则条款3.3规定，一旦来自一个以上国家的进口产品同时受到倾销调查，倾销进口的后果，可以在三项条件下累积评估，即：①根据每一国家进口确定的倾销幅度高于微量，即大于2％；②每一国家的进口量都不是微不足道的；及③根据进口产品间的竞争情况和进口产品与国内相同产品的竞争情况，累积评估进口的后果是适当的。其它国家对这三种形式的规定基本上与WTO细则条款相同，当然也都有自己的特殊性。除以上一些要素外，因果关系确定是实施反倾销措施的一个独立的要件，也是损害确定中要考虑得因素。目前国际立法和实践中都要求倾销和损害之间应存在一般因果关系，即倾销是造成损害的一个原因。第三部分主要论述我国反倾销法中关于损害确定标准的立法和实践。随着世界经济国际化、全球化的发展，世界贸易不断加强，倾销和反倾销硝烟四起，基于规范国际贸易，保护国内产业的发展和新建的需要，各国都制定了实质上被认为保障措施的反倾销法，其中对损害确定都有相应的规定，我国也不例外。我国反倾销法中对损害确定规定的具体内容包括：关于“国内产业”、“同类产品”和损害类型的立法和实践，对完善我国反倾销法损害确定立法和实践的建议和思考，如应完善累积评估制度、明确界定“大部分”生产者的范围、增加公共利益条款、增加损害幅度的规定。这是国际化、世界经济一体化发展的必然趋势，是我国对外开放过程中保持健康公平的经济交往秩序的需要，也是保障本国产业在国内国际市场上健康发展的权益之计。
【英文摘要】 In international anti-dumping law system, harm and dump is a pair ofcollateral of two concepts, which are the most basic, the most important.What anti-dumping law aims at is the harm not the dump itself. In practice,anti-dumping laws of almost all countries stipulate that, the proper applicantapplying for anti-dumping investigation should bring out the preliminaryevidence showing the harm home industry suffering resulted from the importproduct, otherwise the supervisor organization will reject the application.After the preliminary examination, discovering that the dump exists not theharm, the supervisor organization will terminate the inquisition. Instead, aslong as the harm exists, the investigation is carried on, though the dump doesnot exist. In the final judgment, if the harm does not have the affirmative rule,even if the dump has, the supervisor organization also wouldn't adoptanti-dump measure. It is another thing that some countries also will considerthe public interest principl...e before determining to take anti-dumpingmeasures. Obviously, the harm and its definition as the second precondition ofanti-dumping action have the special meaning in anti-dumping law. Because"harm" in anti-dumping law has much flexibility, though the WTOanti-dumping agreement establishes a series of harm affirmation of standard,such as sale, profits, output, market share and so on, but these factors are allinfluenced by various aspects as the economic environment, simultaneouslyalso easily operated by man, lacking objectivity. So far, many importantquestions related to the harm determination have not given clearly in thelegislation. This article started from the concept and origin of harm definitionin anti-dumping law, furtherly talked about the rule of harm determination ofWTO anti-dumping agreement, then studies the legislation and practicerelevant anti-dumping law of world, including our country, hoping that it ishelp to our country during the practice in anti-dumping.The whole text can be divided into three parts:The first part generally elaborates the harm determination of theanti-dumping law in theory. In this part, it tells us the concept of harm, the meaning of harm definition, the main content on the harm determination,namely the quantity of import product, its influence to the price of similarproduct in the domestic market it dumped and the industry of the sufferedcountry. Besides that, it clearly elaborated the status, the function andmeaning of harm determination in anti-dumping law. During the wholecourse, the supervisor authorities follows the principle objectively examiningthe affirmative evidence as its foundation.The second part is the core one, taking WTO anti-dumping agreement,the stipulation about harm definition of Europe and America as theexample,it mains elaborated the legislation and practice of the harmdefinition in international anti-dumping law. In this part, separately discussedthe relative regulation about"home industry","similar product", the form ofharm definition and causal relation, in legislation and practice about harmdetermination of international countries."home industry" has an importantmeaning in harm determination, which directly relates the final rule to harmand the operation of dump measure. Another concept "similar product"is asimportant as "home industry", which directly determined the width of "thehome industry". Therefore, it is necessary to strictly limit the scope of similarproduct, to explicit its standard. After that, the duty of investigation body is toevaluate how much degree the home industry suffered from the dump.According to WTO anti-dumping agreement and the anti-dumping laws ofintemational representative countries, their rules are almost like this: the formof harm defmition has there kinds, namely, substantive harm、substantiveharm threat and substantively obstructing the foundation of home industry.Regarding to the accumulation appraisals, the provision3.3 of WTOregulation stipulates: once the import product investigated from more thanone country s simultaneously, the consequence of dump may accumulatelyevaluate under three conditions, namely: (1) according to each national importdefining the profit margin of dump is higher than the micro, namely morethan2％; (2) almost all the quantity of import product from each nation isworthy of mentioning; And (3)according to the competition situation amongthe imports each other or between the import product and the domestic similar product, it is proper to accumulately evaluate the consequence of the importproduct. The stipulation of many anther countries on there kinds is almost thesame with the provision of WTO regulation, certainly also with its ownparticularity. Besides, the causal relation is also an independent element inimplementing anti-dumping measures, but the determination of the causalrelation is hard to differ from the harm determination. At present, theinternational legislation and practice request that the dump and the harmshould have the general causal relation.The third part mainly elaborated the standard of harm determinationabout the legislation and the practice in the anti-dumping law of our country.Along with the internationalization of the world economics, the developmentof globalization and the world trade unceasingly strengthens, dump andanti-dumping are like the gun-smoke rising from all directions. In order toregulate the international trade, protect the development and new homeindustry, almost all the international countries formulated the anti-dumpinglaw which is considered the safeguard measures in essence, in which thedetermination of harm is regulated, so our country is not exceptional. Theanti-dumping law of our country has stipulates the concrete content of harmdetermination, which includes: "home industry"、"similar product"、the typeof harm and their operation in practice; the ponder and suggestions to definitethe harm in the anti-dumping law of our country, such as perfecting theaccumulation appraisal system, clearly defining the scope of "majority"ofproducer, adding the provision of public interest and the stipulation of harmrange. This is the inevitable trend of internationalization, the development ofthe world economics integration, is also the need for our country to keep thehealth fair order of economy during the process of opening up and is even themeasure of expediency to safeguard the healthy development of our domesticindustry in the domestic and intemational markets.
【中文关键词】 损害; 实质性损害; 实质性损害威胁; 实质性阻碍
【英文关键词】 injury; materiality injury; threat of materiality injury; materiality hindrance
